Happy Families Russian Style

"Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way"
Tolstoy


President Dmitry Medvedev’s recent decision to inject $20 billion into Russia’s flagging stock markets – which were down nearly 50% from last May at the time - together with the $60 billion odd dollars of support injected into its groggy banking system served to draw attention to the fact that it wasn't only “over there” on the other side of the Atlantic that the financial turmoil was busy raging. This simple point was further emphasised, if need there was for it, by the fact that both the Russian bourses – the MICEX and the ruble denominated RTS - were only working on a “now you see me now you don't basis” for the best part of a week in mid September. Stealing an idea from Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, every financial boom is (boringly) the same, but every financial crisis is different in its own special (and intriguing) way. What just happened in Russia merely serves to prove Tolstoy’s point.

Moody's Downgrade Russian Bank Outlook To Negative

The outlook rating for Russia's banking system was changed today from "stable" to "negative" by Moody's Investors Services. The Banking System Outlook Report (published today) clited slowing asset growth, higher inflation, the slump in equities and funds leaving the country, all of which could result in deteriorating fundamentals for banks, according to the credit rating agency.

Moody's thus joins the other two large credit rating agencies - Fitch Ratings and Standard and Poor's in downgrading at least a part of the Russian financial system. Fitch said in a report last week that Russian real estate and construction companies were the most at risk as domestic and international banks curb lending, while Russia's credit outlook was cut to ``stable'' from ``positive'' at Standard & Poor's on Sept. 19. S&P's cited the growing pressure on Russian authorities to spend resources from the National Wealth Fund, undermining the nation's long term credit strength. Despite the outlook change S&P's continued to maintain Russia's BBB+ rating, the third- lowest investment grade ranking. Any downward move on this will mean loss of investment grade status, and the consequence will be that credit to both companies and households will become more expensive.

PNB Paribas now estimates that foreign investors pulled $56.7 billion from Russia from Aug. 8 to Sept. 19, up from their $35 billion figure two weeks ago..

Russian stocks, led by financial shares, slumped on the news of Moody's downgrade.

OAO Sberbank, Russia's largest lender, dropped 4.7 percent to 43.85 rubles, the biggest decline since regulators halted stock trading last week. The cost to protect bonds sold by VTB Group, the second-biggest lender, rose 3 basis points to 740, close to a record of 750, according to credit-default swap prices from CMA Datavision.

The Micex Index was down 1.5 percent today, hitting 1,079.04 at the close in Moscow. The drop so far this year is now 43 percent. Russian government bonds fell, raising the yield on the benchmark 30-year dollar note by 8 basis points to 6.98 percent.

Russia's international reserves, the world's third-largest, fell another $900 million last week to $559.4 billion, the lowest level in three months following central bank currency sales to support the ruble.

Russian Government Rescue Plan Extended Over The Weekend

Russia’s finance ministry widened the emergency budget funding provision for Russia’s banking system on Sunday, suggesting that despite providing $130bn (€90bn) of additional liquidity to the country’s financial markets the banking system is still under pressure. The number of banks entitled to funding has been expanded from 3 to 28 - previously funding was restricted to the country’s three largest banks, Sberbank, VTB, and Gazprombank.

The finance ministry also said it would provide an additional 600bn rubles ($24.21bn, €17bn) in the form of 3 month credit with a minimum rate of 8.75 per cent. The funding will be auctioned today.

Russia's finance minister Alexei Kudrin met yesterday with representatives of more than 20 Russian banks, who had been arguing for such a measure to be taken since early last week. Bankers had been complaining that government credits provided to the three top banks were not being passed down to them, and that the interbank lending market was not functioning in such a way as to get liquidity into the overall banking system.

Russia's three biggest banks jointly account for some 40 per cent of Russia’s banking assets and 60 per cent of the retail deposits. The next 25 banks account for roughly 30 per cent of assets.

One evident danger with this large injection of credit and stimulus measures into the economy is that they may well prove to be inflationary, and on Saturday central bank deputy chairman Alexei Ulyukayev said that it was his opinion that the central bank’s 2008 inflation target of about 11 per cent was now out of reach.


The value of the ruble remained largely unchanged against the dollar-euro basket today, suggesting the central bank is again selling reserves to keep the currency from weakening. Bank Rossii sold $300 million of foreign currency today, according to estimates from Trust Investment Bank in Moscow, this follows central bank selling of about $15 billion last week, according to data from UralSib Financial Corp. and UniCredit SpA. The Micex stock index was up 5.5 percent today, following a 29 percent rally on Friday, on the back of the U.S. government announcement for a $700 billion bailout to remove problematic assets from bank balance sheets and following the Russian government announcement that it would buy shares in state-run companies.

Russia Stock Markets Reopen, Surge and Close Again (Temporarily)

Russian stock exchanges had to halted trading again today (Friday) for the fourth successive day running, but this time the explanation was a rather different one - since stocks rapidly surged higher, following President Medvedev's announcement yesterday that the government was going to inject funds into the purchase of Russian stocks. Exchanges suspended trading after just hours of trading Friday after shares on the benchmark RTS and MICEX indexes shot up by 20 percent and 26.3 percent, respectively. Trading was only temporarily suspended and was expected to resume later today.

Stocks bounced back after the government rushed through a series of emergency measures — amounting to some $120 billion worth of relief — in the shape of increased liquidity to the banking sector and share purchases on the domestic markets. In fact Russia's RTS Index, which had previously been the best global stock performer this decade, had turned into the world's cheapest, at least on the price to earnings ratio measure, since at the time of closure it was valued at only 5.6 times the earnings of its 48 component companies, the lowest of any among the larger markets internationally.

Among the shares which surged the most were Russia's banks, and VTB Group and OAO Sberbank, Russia's biggest banks, benefited considerably from the perceived impact of the central bank decision to cut reserve requirements and the government pledge of up to $44 billion to shore up their liquidity. VTB jumped 1.63 kopeks, or 60 percent, to 4.35 kopeks, the biggest gain since the bank went public in the world's largest initial public offering last year. Sberbank rose 14.2 rubles, or 49 percent, to 43.01 rubles, its steepest gain in 10 years. Trading in both stocks was suspended for one hour at 11:05 a.m. Moscow time after their exceptional gains. Sberbank was suspended a second time on the Micex Stock Exchange at 12:58 p.m.

For more details on the background to all of this please see yesterday's extensive review on this blog.

Is Russia Just Another Emerging Economy, Or Is There Something Special About The Present Bout Of Financial Turmoil?

Russia's President Dmitry Medvedev today pledged $20 billion in financial support for the Russian stock market and cut oil taxes in an attempt to bring a halt to what has now become Russia's worst financial crisis in a decade. Medvedev took this action in order to try to lay the basis for a reopening of Russia's bourses tomorrow, following three days of irregular operation on the back of a 25% drop in the Micex Index. After the announcement Russian shares which are traded in London surged and the interbank lending rate plunged.

The decision followed a meeting between Medvedev, the central bank Chairman Sergey Ignatiev and Russia's Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin. Ignatiev also announced that central bank reserve requirements for Russia's banks would be eased in an attempt to provide more liquidity.

The tax cut for oil exports will come into effect on Oct. 1 and save producers and refiners $5.5 billion, Kudrin said. OAO Rosneft, the country's biggest oil company, climbed 23 percent to $5.76 in London trading at 3:40 p.m., while smaller rival OAO Lukoil advanced 8 percent to $56.20. Moscow's stock exchanges will open tomorrow after being halted by the market regulator.

The central bank cut reserve requirements for banks by 4 percentage points with effect from today, and this should free up an estimated 300 billion rubles. The move is in addition to a Finance Ministry decision yesterday to make $60 billion of funds available to banks, including a three month injection of $44 billion into Russia's three largest banks - OAO Sberbank, OAO Gazprombank, and VTB Group. VTB, the only one of the three that trades in London, had jumped 15 percent to $3.40 by late afternoon trading.

Russian sovereign bonds also dropped to the lowest in four years today, with the yield on the government's 30-year dollar bonds 32 basis points higher this afternoon at 7.3 percent at 1:23 p.m. in Moscow. The cost to of protecting this debt against default jumped 17 basis points to 300, the highest since May 2004, according to BNP Paribas prices for credit-default swaps.


Short Term Triggers and Long Term Issues


The present crisis seems to have been sparked by an almost random event - the default of brokerage firm Kit Finance on a number of repurchase agreements. This rather small scale incident, of limited importance in and of itself - seems to have produced something approaching panic which extended right across Russia's financial markets. Evidently investors had been become increasingly nervous about holding Russian assets given ongoing concerns and the scale of the global financial turmoil. In fact Russia seems to be facing something of a "trifecta" at the moment, with the normal nervousness about holding riskier emerging market assets being reinforced by concerns about the vulnerability of the Russia economy in the face of falling oil prices and issues provoked by Moscow's recent decision to "go it alone" in recognising Georgia's two separatist regions. All these factors have coalesced to produce what is being described as "an especially toxic cocktail" whose effects - and despite Russia's substantial oil fund safety net, and the very large quantity of foreign exchange reserves parked at the central bank - seem to be proving very hard for the Russian financial system to simply brush aside.

The real point I would like to stress right however, is that while Russia's financial markets are currently taking a pounding for relatively fortuitous reasons, the underlying macroeconomic issues were always going to raise their head, as I have tried to spell out in my two extensive recent reviews of the Russian economy, Russian Inflation, Too Much Money Chasing Too Few People? and Russia's Consumption-Driven Inflation: Will It All End In Tears?. Basically Russia is suffering from some sort of modern variant of "Dutch disease", whereby the revenue generated by the sharp oil boom has accelerated the rest of the economy way beyond its short term capacity level (especially given the underlying demographic issues Russia faces) and this has simply produced a very pronounced spike in short term inflation, coupled with deteriorating competitiveness in Russia's domestic industrial sector. So even though it is obvious that we are not about to witness a financial meltdown - or anything approaching it - in Russia at the present time, what has happened over the last week is an early warning sign. Things are not all for the best in the best of all possible worlds here, and even if a resurgence in oil prices during 2009 will once more paper over the multitude of seismic cracks which are emerging, the deep and endemic problems will in fact only worsen if what we are treated to from the Russian administration is simply more and more of the same on the policy front.

Industrial Output Weak Again In August


In many ways the achilles heel in Russia's current development process is not to be found in the financial system - $550 billion or so in foreign exchange reserves and another $160 billion in the SWF should certainly serve to protect the economy from all but the most severe of shocks - rather the achilles heel is Russia's nascent industrial sector, which is being steadily choked into quiesence by a combination of high domestic inflation and long term labour shortages produced by Russia's rather special demographic profile. Indeed Russian industrial production expanded at a slower pace than most observers were hoping for yet one more time in August, according this week's data from the Federal Statistics Service. Industrial output was up 4.7 percent, compared with 3.2 percent in July and 0.9 percent in June. And even the apparent acceleration over July is really only a mirage based on base-effect variations from 2007, since output actually fell 0.9 percent on the month, as foreseen in the VTB Manufacuring PMI survey.

I think it is important to bear in mind here that Russia's economy actually grew at an annual 7.5% in the second quarter, while manufacturing growth was nearer 5%. Which means that in a "newly industrialising country" the weight of industry in the economy is declining. This is obviously unsustainable - and doubly so given what we are now seeing about the flaws to be found in the financial-services construction-activity driven model which some had seen as an alternative to industry - since however resource rich Russia maybe, you cannot live from oil alone, especially when your oil output has a ceiling. Basically the more living standards in Russia rise, the less important oil will become as a percentage of GDP, and the more dependent the Russian economy will become on other sectors. This is why the current consumer price and wage inflation levels are no mere trifle.

Obviously it has been of some considerable importance for the country's future that the Russian authorities get a grip on the inflation problem, and this is just what the central bank has clearly failed to do, with the annual rate rising again to 15 percent in August - up from 14.7 percent in July. So one component in the present financial crisis is clearly a crisis of confidence in the quality of Russia's institutions and in their capacity to handle the very complex problems which present themselves in modern macroeconomic management.

With the central banks benchmark interest rate currently standing at 11%, and inflation at 15%, Russia has negative interest rates of 4% which obviously make it very easy to fuel a lending driven consumer and construction boom, but very much more difficult to communicate to observers that you actually know what you are doing. So while all that foreign exchange reserves muscle that the central bank can put to work in the short term to stamp out the present bonfire will in all probability bring a halt to the present panic, they are clearly not able to prevent the outbreak of the fires in the first place, and we should, therefore, expect more of the same at some point. To make a comparison, Brazil's central bank currently has interest rates at 13.75% while inflation is running at just over 6% (ie Brazil has 7.5% positive interest rates), and the bank is currently justifiably earning for itself a reputation as Latin America's new Bundesbank, an expression I doubt it would ever ocur to anyone to use in reference to Bank Rossii . And the comparison I am making with Brazil is no idle one, since Brazil is, of course, also an oil-and-resource rich emerging economy.



So it is clear that Russia has special problems, problems which (despite the similarities) set what is happening in Russia rather apart from what is currently happening in a lot of other emerging market economies.

Rout On The Bourses

Both Russia's MICEX and RTS exchanges remained effectively closed first thing this morning (Thursday) following trading being suspended again yesterday - they were in fact open for less than two hours on Wednseday morning - with closure being effected in order to prevent a further sell-off on top Monday's record-breaking falls. The ruble-denominated Micex Stock Exchange did resume some very limited trading at 11:00, but only limited operations were authorised - the decision being effectively to allow participants to close repurchase deals still outstanding from Sept. 16 and Sept. 17.

Russian stocks have now plunged around 60 percent since their May peak, and while the Micex did initially gain 7.6 percent in initial trading yesterday, these gains were very rapidly erased and then turned negative, as the index plunged as much as 10 percent before a halt was called. Russia's dollar-denominated RTS index stood at 1,058 points when trading was halted, nearly 58 percent down from its peak of 2,498 points reached in May.

Emerging Market Woes

In part Russia's problems only reflect more general "risk aversion" issues which are facing all emerging market economies. Emerging-market stocks have fallen the most in 11 years this week, and their currencies have been falling, and the cost of insuring emerging market bonds have been rocketing as rising interest rates and tumbling commodities have prompted investors to sell riskier assets.

Every emerging stock market in the MSCI indexes has been retreating this month, and the MSCI Emerging Markets Index fell 2 percent yesterday to 768.92 a time, its lowest level since October 2006. The index is now down 19.59% since the start of the month, and 29.27% over the past 3 months. Basically, as we can see in the chart below, the trend has been down since May.



The Russian MSCI index, in comparison, is down 36.1% on the month, and 54.2% over the past three months. That is, the fall in Russia has been much steeper, and certainly predated the August "events" in Georgia, which have only served to accelerate a process which was already ongoing.



Of course, to put things in a bit better perspective, the recent fall follows several years of rising stock values, and thus the current stock "correction" is to some extent a cyclical one, as can be seen from the 4 year MSCI index chart (below).




Falling Oil Prices


In the forefront of the fall in Russia share prices have been energy stocks, including Russian oil producers like OAO Gazprom and OAO Rosneft, who have declined substantially following the sharp drop in crude prices. Gazprom, the world's biggest natural-gas producer, lost 18 percent to 158.41 rubles in the latest turmoil, while Rosneft, Russia's largest oil company, sank 22 percent to 132.20 rubbles.

Oil prices were down again this morning, after bouncing back somewhat yesterday. Light, sweet crude for October delivery fell 97 cents to $96.19 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange midafternoon in Singapore. The financial turmoil of recent days has lead to some volatility in oil prices, and the price did sneak briefly back above the $100 mark at one point, but the trend is decidedly down, and crude has now fallen more than $50 — or over 35 percent — from its all-time trading record of $147.27 reached July 11.




Urals crude prices are slightly lower than the light sweet prices quoted above, and peaked at $140.80 a barrel on July 3. Since that time they have fallen about 36 percent and today were at $90.01.


Foreign Exchange Reserves


Evidently the Russian economy is in no imminent danger of short term default, and foreign exchange reserves, which stood at $560.3 billion on September 12 (according to data from the Russian central bank) - the third largest globally, after China and Japan - are evidently ample to handle any forseeable crisis. In addition Russia has a $163 billion SWF (the National Welfare Fund), which is split into two parts, $130 billion in a reserve fund, and $33 billion in the National Wealth Fund (the SWF proper). The reserve fund especially can be used to support any additional government fiscal spending which may be produced by the need to inject cash into the banks and the equity markets.




Nonetheless - as can be seen in the above chart - Russia's reserves have been dropping quite sharply since early August, and are now down some $37 billion since their August 8 peak. Reserves declined by $13.3 billion to $560.30 billion in the week ended Sept. 12 alone, after falling $8.9 billion in the previous week. About 47 percent of Russia's reserves are held in U.S. dollars, 42 percent in euros, 10 percent in GB pounds and 1 percent in yen, according to the most recent figures released by the central bank (June 30, 2007).

Part of the recent reduction in reserves has been the result of central bank intervention in support of the ruble, since Russia operates a policy of trying to maintain the currency steady within a trading band set against a basket of euros and dollars. Evgeniy Nadorhsin, a senior economist at Trust Investment Bank in Moscow, estimates that the central bank sold approximately $3 billion in fx reserves last week.


So Where Do We Go Now?

This is very hard to say. Clearly we should expect the economy to slow substantially in the last quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009, as credit conditions tighten for households, and the decline in oil prices restricts revenue flows to the corporate sector. As just one indication of the worsening credit conditions we could note that Russian 5-year credit default swaps are trading with a spread of around 253-255 basis points, little changed this week but more than double the level seen before the start of the conflict with Georgia.


On the other hand Russia is hardly the Baltics, so we should not expect the economy to go into a nosedive. A lot depends on the view you take about the future of energy prices. Since my own view is that the global economy will slow considerably - in addition to the reduction in growth rates alreadty seen so far this year -in the aftermath of the most recent bout of financial turmoil, and this will serve top bring oil prices down even further, but we should reach a floor at some point, at around $80 perhaps.

More importantly when it comes to the future of oil prices, I am not expecting any kind of long and deep global recession. Many of those developed economies who are significantly affected by the bursting of their construction booms (and the banking issues which have gone with it) will probably have weak domestic consumer demand for some time, but a solid core of emerging economies may well take off again quite rapidly as we move into 2009, and these should give significant impetus to the global economy as a whole and especially to export dependent economies like Germany and Japan (who by and large are not reeling under the impact of the construction bust), but who are noting the slowdown in their key emerging markets.

As we can see in the JP Morgan EMBI+ index (see below), emerging economy bonds have taken one hell of a battering in September. Looked at the other way round, the extra yield investors demand to own developing nations' bonds instead of U.S. Treasuries has been rapidly going up, and today rose an additional 2 basis points to reach 4.24 percentage points, the widest spread since September 2004, according to the EMBI+ index data. So EM bonds have been taking a battering but they have taken a battering because of nervousness about the implications of a financial crisis in the developed economies, rather that as the result of any inherent problems in their own ones. That is what sets this crisis apart from the 1998 one, and that is what means that the financial markets in these economies will in all probablilty bounce back again quite substantially once all the nervousness dies down. Basically most of these markets are neither "oversold" nor are they "maxed out". Au contraire, the prices of their bonds and equities may well soon start to look pretty attractive as the nervousness passes.

What is interesting about the EMBI+ chart (see above) is the way in which things seem to have really taken a decisive turn for the worst in late August, and it is curious to note on the chart below that the Russian MSCI index also started to deteriorate further starting on or around 2 September (see chart below which is from May 2008 to date). So while the Georgia factor may have made people nervous, other, deeper, structural factors are obviously at work.

And while I am on deep structural factors, and the MSCI Emerging Markets index, I would like to conclude by pointing out that the decline since mid May has been pretty generalised, and in some sense the process involved is obviously a cyclical one. But this fall will at some point hit bottom, after which time we should be ready to see a rebound, as investors move in and snap up what will obviously be seen as very attractive buying opportunities. So while some key developed economies seem to be clearly heading for an extended period of pretty sub-par growth, a number of emerging ones may well be gearing up again for another bout of ongoing super-par expansion.

Russian Inflation Accelerates Slightly In August And The Central Bank Intervenes Again

Russian inflation accelerated in August and remained close to its fastest pace in more than five years as food costs continued to rise. The Russian inflation rate rose to 15 percent from 14.7 percent in July, according to data from the Moscow-based Federal Statistics Service earlier today. Month on month, prices were up 0.4 percent, after rising 0.5 percent in July.



The central bank forecast slowing monthly price growth or a possible decline in August. Monthly inflation increased ``unexpectedly'' on meat and dairy costs, Alexei Ulyukayev, the central bank's first deputy chairman said in response. Food prices increased an annual 22 percent in August, including a 45 percent gain in pasta and a 33 percent rise in dairy costs.

Stocks Fall As The Central Bank Intervenes To Shore Up The Ruble

Russian stocks fell again this week and the cost of insuring government bonds from default rose to its highest level in four years following central bank intervention to shore up the ruble. Bank Rossii said yesterday that it had intervened in currency markets again, buying rubles using foreign currency reserves, after withdrawals by investors sent Russia's currency to its lowest level in almost a year. Russia's RTS Index dropped 3.8 percent on Friday, capping its worst week since May 2006, and credit-default swaps on the government's debt rose 14 basis points to 166, the highest since November 2004.

The ruble, which is kept within a trading band against a currency basket to limit the impact of fluctuations on the competitiveness of Russian exports, fell to as low as 25.5196 per dollar at one point on Friday, the weakest level since Sept. 11, 2007. The central bank in Moscow responded by selling a ``significant'' amount of foreign currency to prop up the ruble, First Deputy Chairman Alexei Ulyukayev said. ``The ruble had got to the higher end of the trading band, so it was reasonable,'' he told reporters in Sochi, declining to give the exact amount. The bank sold about $4.5 billion of foreign reserves yesterday, according to an estimate by Mikhail Galkin, a fixed-income analyst at MDM Bank in Moscow. However, with over $500 billion in reserves at this point, it is hard to see Russian reserves coming under any real pressure. The Achilles heal here as far as I can see is the combination of strong domestic inflation and falling oil and commodity prices. The ruble was 0.1 percent lower on the day versus the dollar, closing at 25.4788.

Investors have now pulled a net $4.6 billion out of Russia since the invasion of Georgia last month, according to central bank data, contributing to the worst quarterly slump in stocks since the sovereign debt default a decade ago. Declining crude oil prices are also adding to Russia's current woes.


It would seem that the central bank is buying more rubles at this point than at any time in recent years, quite possibly the most since 1998. The RTS stock index, which has been up an annual average 51 percent since 2001, has now fallen 36 percent since July 1, the worst drop since the government defaulted on $40 billion of debt in August 1998.

The dollar-denominated RTS index dropped to 1,469.15, bringing its weekly slide to 11 percent. The ruble- denominated Micex Index sank 3.7 percent to 1,234.71, the lowest level since June 2006. The Georgia conflict has only been the most recent in a long line of issues which have been giving investors concern about the future evolution of Russia's financial and economic system. BP and its billionaire Russian partners are currently wrestling for control of TNK-BP, Russia's third-biggest oil producer. Two years ago, Royal Dutch Shell, Europe's second-biggest oil company, ceded control of its biggest operation in Russia - the $22 billion Sakhalin-2 oil and gas project - to OAO Gazprom, Russia's largest company.



Five-year credit-default swaps on Gazprom rose 13.5 basis points to 298, the highest level since March, and shares in Gazprom tumbled 3.7 percent to 220.72 rubles by the Moscow close in Moscow, after being down as much as 8.3 percent at one point. OAO GMK Norilsk Nickel, Russia's biggest mining company, slipped as much as 15.2 percent, before closing 9.6 percent down at 3,834.09 rubles. Oil has fallen 8 percent this week, the most in almost two months, with crude for October delivery standing at $105.71 on the New York Mercantile Exchange on Friday. Nickel dropped $580 to $18,625 a metric ton.

Russian Services Sector Slows In July

Russian service industries expanded in August at the slowest pace in seven months as companies received fewer new orders and hired fewer workers, according to the latest survey from VTB Bank Europe. The Purchasing Managers' Index of growth in services dropped back to 55.4 from 58.3 in July. This was the steepest monthly decline since the survey began in 2001, and in conjunction with the manufacturing PMI published earlier in the week gives a clear indication that the Russian economy is slowing.



Russian economic growth is expected to slow to around 7.5 percent in 2008 - down from 8.1 percent last year - as the higher cost of credit and slowing wage growth take the momentum out of the country's consumer boom. The number may be lower at the end of the day depending on how rapidly the economy slows.


Real wages rose at an annual 11.6 percent rate in July, compared with an 11.7 percent one in June, according to the Russian statistics office. Disposable income advanced an annual 7 percent in real terms in July.

Russian Manufacturing Industry Contracts In August

Russian manufacturing contracted in August for the first time in almost four years as businesses won fewer new orders and companies cut jobs. VTB Bank Europe's Purchasing Managers' Index fell to 49.4 from 50.4 in July, the fifth consecutive monthly decline and the first contraction since November 2004. A figure above 50 indicates growth.



Dmitri Fedotkin, an economist at VTB Bank Europe Research, said in his statement that the major factor underpinning the weakening in activity had been a decrease in new orders, which fell for the first time in almost 10 years. According to the lastest data from Rostat, industrial output rose by an annual 3.2 percent in July (following a y-o-y of only 0.9% in June), a much slower pace than would be generally expected given that economic growth had been running at around a 7.5% annual rate.

And Russian industry is downsizing on employment. ``With output requirements set to fall in light of the drop in new work received during the month, Russian manufacturers shed staff on average in August,'' according to the VTB report``The current sequence of workforce shrinkage was extended to four months.

The economics of this is really very simple. Continuing internal price and wage inflation is making domestic industry uncompetitive. The cost of goods leaving Russian factories and mines was up an annual 33.7 percent in July, the fastest pace in 3 1/2 years, led by fuel and coking coal prices, according to recent Rostat data.

Import substitution is taking over, but this process has a cushion as long as oil revenue continues to plug the gap. Oil output dropped slightly this year, but record prices have, naturally, made this a boom year, however, in the longer term, GDP growth rates around the present level and stagnant oil output become incompatible given the growing lack of price competitiveness in major sectors of the Russian economy. Urals crude is up by a monthly average of around 75% over 2007 so far this year, but this kind of increase cannot be anticipated next year and the year after etc, etc.